Class 11 Physics Part II

How solids respond to external forces: the concepts of stress, strain, and elastic moduli, Hooke's law, stress-strain curves, Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio, elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, and real-world engineering applications of elastic behaviour

How fluids behave under different conditions: the concepts of pressure and density, Pascal's law and hydraulic machines, pressure variation with depth, atmospheric pressure and its measurement, buoyancy and Archimedes' principle, streamline and turbulent flow, Bernoulli's principle and its applications, the speed of efflux and Torricelli's law, dynamic lift, the Magnus effect, aerofoils and aircraft wing lift, viscosity and Stokes' law, surface tension, the quantitative derivation and measurement of surface tension, the angle of contact governing wetting and non-wetting behaviour, drops and bubbles with excess pressure, and capillary rise and depression in narrow tubes

How matter responds to heat: the concepts of temperature, heat, and their measurement, the ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature scale, thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases, specific heat capacity and calorimetry, change of state and latent heat, the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), blackbody radiation, and Newton's law of cooling

The laws that govern heat and energy: thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law, heat, internal energy and work, the first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity of gases, thermodynamic state variables and equations of state, quasi-static and special thermodynamic processes, the second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, and the Carnot engine

The molecular basis of gas behaviour: from the atomic hypothesis and gas laws to kinetic theory derivations, the kinetic interpretation of temperature, root mean square speed, Dalton's law from molecular motion, isotope separation, the law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacities of gases and solids from equipartition, the Dulong-Petit law, and the mean free path connecting molecular size to bulk transport properties

The physics of to-and-fro motion: periodic and oscillatory motions, simple harmonic motion and its mathematical description, energy in SHM, oscillations of a spring and a pendulum, damped oscillations, and forced oscillations with resonance

The physics of travelling disturbances: what waves are and how they differ from bulk motion of matter, transverse and longitudinal waves, the mathematical description of a progressive wave, wave speed on strings and in air, the principle of superposition, reflection and standing waves, normal modes of strings and air columns, beats, and the Doppler effect